ØThe imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure might result in to Overweight or Obesity.
ØObesity can increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases, Chronic kidney disease, Sleep apnea, Arthritis, Lung disease and several forms of Cancer.
ØCAM used to treat Obesity may include Acupuncture or Acupressure, Yoga, Mindful meditation, Naturopathy and Dietary Supplements such as Ephedra (Ma Huang), Green Tea, Bitter Orange, Hoodia (Kalahari cactus), Acai (Amazonian palm berry), Chitosan, Chromium Picolinate, Garcinia cambogia, Glucomannan, Guar gum, Pyruvate, Yohimbe (Yohimbine), etc.
ØMost of the dietary supplements marketed for weight loss or appetite suppression haven’t been proven safe or effective.
ØThere is no definitive scientific evidence to support the use of acai berry, bitter orange, and green tea supplements for weight loss.
ØEphedra can increase the risk of heart problems and stroke and in 2004 the FDA banned the U.S. sale of dietary supplements containing ephedra.
ØFurther research is needed to improve the understanding of the role of CAM in the treatment of obesity.
ØBe cautious of the products marketed with exaggerated or unrealistic phrases like “Quick and Effective” or “Totally safe.”
ØBe skeptical about information from personal “Testimonials” about the product’s benefits.
ØThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has found weight loss products sold as dietary supplements that contain hidden ingredients which can cause serious harm to consumers.
ØConsider a mind and body approach such as mindfulness meditation or yoga. There is some emerging evidence suggesting that some mind and body approaches are generally safe and may be useful as complements to other weight-loss interventions.
ØOverweight and obese individuals should make lifestyle changes like healthy eating plan and regular physical activity for safe weight loss.
More Presentations fromfrom Dr.Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen ØAny
preventable event which may lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm
is termed Medication Errors (MEs).
ØMajor
causes of MEs include…
ªMissing
patient information
ªMissing
drug information
ªMiscommunication
of drug order
ªDrug
name, label, packaging problem
ªDrug
storage or delivery problem
ªDrug
delivery device problem
ªEnvironmental,
staffing, workflow
ªLack
of staff education
ªLack
of Patient education
ªLack
of Physician knowledge
ØTypes
of MEs include…
§Prescribing
Errors
§Dispensing
Errors
§Drug
administration Errors
§Monitoring
Errors
§Compliance
Errors
ØContributing
factors of Prescribing Errors include…
oInadequate
knowledge
oCalculation
errors
oUncommon
dosage regimen frequencies
oComplicated
dosage regimens
oPoor
patient history taking
oUse
of multiple dosage forms per dose
oUse
of abbreviations
oMental
slips
oLack
of adequate resources
oDifferent
drug formulations available
oExcessive
interruptions while involved in writing prescriptions or orders
oIllegible
handwriting
oDrug
name confusion (Look alike Sound alike)
oInappropriate
use of decimal points
oUse
of verbal orders.
ØMethods
to minimize Prescribing errors include…
¨Ensuring
up-to-date reference sources.
¨Use
of computerised physician order entry.
¨Ensuring
knowledge of a drug before prescribing.
¨Ensuring
an accurate drug history is taken.
¨Printing
the drug name and patient details clearly on the prescription
¨Including
all details of drug therapy i.e. name of drug, dose, directions, duration of therapy
¨Avoiding
the use of abbreviations e.g. AZT, ISMN, FeSO4, U
¨Being
aware of Look-alike and sound alike (LASA) products.
ØContributing
factors of Dispensing Errors include…
vConfusing
the name of one drug with another.
vTwo
or more drugs have a similar appearance or similar name
(look-a-like/sound-a-like)
vSelection
of the wrong strength/product.
vLack
of knowledge on new medicines.
vUse
of outdated and/or incorrect references.
vPoor
dispensing procedures with inadequate checking.
vUnreasonable
workloads.
vPoor
housekeeping standards.
vDistractions
and interruptions.
vDispensing
unfamiliar products.
vDispensing
before seeing a written order.
vThe
use of computerized labelling
ØMethods
to minimize Dispensing errors include…
·Ensuring
a safe dispensing procedure.
·Using
different brands or separating LASA (Look alike and Sound alike) products.
·Focusing
on the task in hand.
·Keeping
interruptions to a minimum.
·Maintaining
workload at a safe and manageable level
·Being
aware of high risk drugs (HAM) e.g. Hypertonic Electrolytes (Potassium
chloride, Calcium chloride, Magnesium Sulphate), cytotoxic agents, IV Insulin.
·Introducing
good housekeeping practices.
ØContributing
factors of Administration Errors include…
ªFailure
to check the patient’s identity prior to administration.
ªStorage
of look-a-like preparations side by side in the drug trolley.
ªEnvironmental
factors such as noise, interruptions and poor lighting while undertaking the
drug round.
ªIncorrect
calculation to determine the dose.
ØMethods
to minimize Administration errors include…
§Checking
patients’ identity.
§Having
dosage calculations checked independently by another healthcare professional
before the drug is administered.
§Having
the prescription, the drug and the patient in the same place so they can be checked
against one another.
§Ensuring
that medication is given at the correct time.
§Minimizing
interruptions during drug rounds.
ØReasons
for underreporting of MEs…
¨Disagreement
over the definition of an error
¨Staff’s
disability to recognize an error has occurred
¨Staff’s
belief that the error does not warrant reporting
¨Staff’s
belief that she/he has not committed the error
¨Staff’s
embarrassment
¨Staff
fear for the reputation on of their service or unit
¨Staff’s
fear of punishment/disciplinary actions
¨Degree
of reporting effort/ time to complete reports
¨Wrong
reporting time
¨Local/unit’s
culture
¨Confusing
reporting mechanisms, policies, or procedures
