Smoking and pregnancy:

More Presentations from Dr.Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen

 

ª  The hazardous chemicals found in tobacco smoke can mix with mothers’ bloodstream and passed to babies to cause many complications.

ª  Smoking during pregnancy may cause many health problems in babies include:

Ø Low birth weight

Ø Premature birth (being born too early)

Ø Still birth

Ø Respiratory complications

Ø Congenital heart defects

Ø CNS effects

Ø Fetal death

Ø Infant death

ª  Smoking during pregnancy may cause many health problems in mothers as well, include:

Ø Placental Abruption (Early seperation of Placenta )

Ø Placenta previa (Placenta covers the cervix)

Ø Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (Early breaking of water)

Ø Ectopic pregnancy (Pregnancy occurs outside the womb)

ª  Nicotine and carbon monoxide found in tobacco smoke reduce the oxygen supply to the babies leading to Low birth weight, premature delivery and Stillbirth.

ª  The risk of Asthma or SIDS is increased in babies of smoking mothers due to delayed lungs development.

ª  Smoking during Pregnancy can increase the risk of Right ventricular outflow tract obstructions & atrial septal defects in babies.

ª  The risk of Learning disorders, behavioral problems & relatively low IQs is elevated in babies born to smoking mothers.

ª  The mother and baby would be in danger due to placental abruption caused by Smoking during Pregnancy.

ª  The risk of Bleeding, C – section, Placenta accreta, Hysterectomy, etc. is enhanced by Placenta previa caused by Smoking during Pregnancy.

ª  Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) can occur due to Smoking during Pregnancy and it increases the risk of infections.

ª  Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of Ectopic Pregnancy leading to Hypovolemic shock.

ª  If the mother is regularly exposed to secondhand smoke, the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, allergies, asthma, and other health problems is increased in the mother and the growing baby.

 

Second hand smoke:

 More Presentations from Dr.Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen

¨  Second-hand smoke is a mixture of sidestream smoke (comes off a cigarette between puffs) and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers.

¨  Fourty percent of nonsmokers are exposed to secondhand smoke.

¨  Second hand smoke may cause a wide range of adverse health effects, including:

o  Cancer (Sidestream smoke has higher concentrations of cancer-causing agents than mainstream smoke).

o  Asthma (Children of smoking parent (s) have a higher risk of developing asthma and allergies).

o  Respiratory infections

o  Reduced lung growth in children

o  Reductions in postnatal pulmonary function

o  Increased heart disease risk (Second hand smoke can damage the lining of blood vessels and increase the risk of heart diseases).

o  Low birth weight and weaker lungs in babies (Pregnant women exposed to second hand smoke can give birth to the baby with low birth weight and weaker lungs. Pregnant women should avoid exposure to environmental smoke).

o  Chronic otitis media

¨  Smoking family members should be advised to quit smoking and do everything possible to minimize environmental smoke exposure to the children around them.

Smoking and its health risks:

More Presentations from Dr.Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen

©  Tobacco smoke contains about 4800 compounds.

©  The chemicals found in tobacco smoke, are harmful to both smokers and nonsmokers.

©  About 69 carcinogens (Cancer producing agents) are identified in tobacco smoke.

©  Tobacco smoke increases the risk of…

o  Cardiovascular disease (including Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack) and sudden death)

o  Cerebrovascular disease (Stroke)

o  Peripheral vascular disease (Claudication, etc)

o  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

o  Asthma

o  Cancers at many sites, including the lung, larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, and uterine cervix.

o  Reduced Fertility

©  Smoking promotes atherosclerosis of blood vessels supplying heart, brain and lower limb leading to CVD, Stroke and Claudication respectively.

©  Tobacco smoke induces formation of epoxides leading to genetic mutation and cancerous production of cells.

©  Carbon monoxide and Cyanide present in tobacco smoke cause chronic inflammation and narrowing of the small airways leading to pulmonary damage.

©  Erectile dysfunction is occurred in tobacco smokers due to narrowing of blood vessels supplying the penis.

©  Nicotine and other harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke, interfere with estrogen production leading to disrupted ovulation and female infertility.

©  Smoking during pregnancy results in to low birth weight due to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).

©  Reduced immunity is occurred due to tobacco smoke containing nicotine which increases CD4+ cell production.

©   Smoking also increases the risk of chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, postmenopausal osteoporosis and fracture, peptic ulcer disease, sensorineural hearing loss, gradual loss of eyesight, cataracts, skin wrinkling, staining of teeth and gums, periodontal disease, acid taste in the mouth, sprains and fractures, headaches, sinusitis, multiple sclerosis, chronic low back pain and degenerative disk disease. 

A New Class of Drugs to treat Type 2 Diabetes:

More presentations from Dr.Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen

SGLT2 Inhibitors (Gliflozins):

©  Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors such as Dapagliflozin (Farxiga), Canagliflozin (Invokana) and Empagliflozin (Jardiance) are a new class of oral drugs available to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM).

©  Dapagliflozin is the first drug to be developed, but got FDA approval by 8^th Jan 2014.

©  Canagliflozin is the first drug to be approved by FDA which got the approval by 29^th Mar 2013.

©  Empagliflozin got the FDA approval by 1^st Aug 2014.

©  Gliflozins inhibit SGLT2 transoporter at Proximal Convoluted tubule and prevent the reabsorption of glucose which can lead to glycosuria and reduction of blood glucose levels.

©  Through glycosuria, SGLT2 inhibitors induce net calorie loss of approximately 200–300 kilocalories per day which can cause beneficial effect of weight loss.

©  SGLT2 inhibitors induced glycosuria, also cause dehydration which could lead to reduction of blood pressure.

©  Common adverse effects of SGLT2 inhibitors include urinary tract infections and female genital fungal infections might be caused by glycosuria.

©  Increased urination, rapid weight loss and tiredness may also be caused by glycosuria.

©  SGLT2 inhibitors induced hypotension can result in dizziness and/or fainting and a decline in renal function.

©  SGLT2 inhibitors should not be used in patients with Type 1 Diabetes, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Severe renal impairment, End stage renal disease and Dialysis patients.

©  The risk of Hypotensive reactions (Dizziness, fainting, etc.) possibly increased by the concomitant use of SGLT2 inhibitors and Diuretics.